Oldest animal-built reef discovered in Namibia

An ancient reef that once teemed with primitive sea life has been unearthed in Africa

The reef, which dates to 548 million years ago, is the oldest animal-built reef ever found.

Coral-like creatures, dubbed Cloudina, may have built the superstructures to protect themselves from predators or to soak up the nutrients from ocean currents, said study co-author Rachel Wood, a geologist at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland.

During the Ediacaran Period, which lasted from about 635 million to 542 million years ago, all life lived in the sea, and most creatures were immobile and soft-bodied, with mysterious wavy, frond-like shapes.

But in the 1970s, scientists discovered evidence of Cloudina, the earliest fossil animals to have skeletons. The pencil-shaped sea creature could grow to about 15cm centimetres long. A cross-section of the tubular shape shows that it would have been about 8mm in diameter, Wood said.

“It’s like a series of hollow ice-cream cones all stacked up,” Wood told Live Science, referring to the appearance of the Cloudina skeleton.

“It might have been related to corals and anemones and jellyfish.”

Like modern-day corals, the youngest cone in the stack would have been alive, while the rest would be dead, Wood said.

But scientists knew little about how these enigmatic creatures lived.

Late last year, while excavating in Namibia in a region known for Ediacaran fossils, Wood and her colleagues found evidence for a vast network of reefs built by Cloudina about 548 million years ago. Like modern-day corals, the primeval creatures excreted calcium carbonate, which cemented them to each other and helped grow the reef.

The new finds are the oldest animal-built reefs ever discovered. Previously, the oldest animal-built reefs dated to around 530 million years ago, during the Cambrian Period, when the complexity and diversity of life on Earth exploded. (Slimy bacterial communities known as Stromatolites have built vast, limestone reefs for almost three billion years, Wood said.)

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The ancient Cloudina reefs the team discovered grew in patches atop a massive Stromatolite-formed reef complex that spans nearly 4.3 miles, Wood said.

“If you were snorkelling over it nearly 550 million years ago, you’d see areas of green surface, from Stromatolites, and then you’d see these little patches of tubes all growing together, forming a little thicket, or mound, on the seafloor.”

Cloudina likely formed reefs to protect itself from predators. In China, for instance, scientists have unearthed Cloudina fossils with holes drilled in them, likely from acid secreted by a predator animal.

Clumping together on reefs would have also brought nutrient-rich currents close to the filter feeders at a time when more life forms were competing for space and food.

Wood added: “All together it paints a picture of quite significant ecological complexity.”

This article was first published by Live Science.

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